-Emergency Contraception: Acost-Effective Approach to Preventing Unintendend Prenancy James Trussell, PhD, Elizabeth G. Raymopnd, MD, MPH April 2007.

-PNUD-FNUA. OMS Banco Mundial  Programa especial de  Investigaciones, Desarrollo y formación de Investigadores sobre Reproducción Humana. Octubre 2005

-Von Hertzen H, Piaggio G. Dingl. ChenJ, Song S, Bartfai G, Ng E, Gemzell Danielsson K Oguan bileg A, Wu S,  Cheng W, Ludicke F  PretnarDavorec A, Kirman R, Mittal S, Khomassuridze A, apter D pregoudou A Low dose Mifeprestone  and two regimens of Levonorgestrel for Emergency  Contraception ;a Who multicentre  randomized  trial Lancet 2002;360:1803-10.

-Ellertzon C, Evans M, Ferdem   Sileadebetter C, Spears A, Jhonstone K, Trussel J.  “Extending The Time Limit Contraception to 120 hrs” obstel Ginecol 2003:101:1168-71. .- Piaggio G, von Hertzen H. Effect of the delay in the administration of levonorgestrel for emergency contraception. XVII FIGO Congress of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 2-7November 2003, Santiago, Chile.

-Stewart F, Guest F, Hatcher RA. Emergency contraceptive pills: a simple proposal to reduce unintended pregnancies. Fam Plann Perspect 1992;24:269-273.

-Bellagio Conference on Emergency Contraception (editorial). Consensus Statement on emergency contraception. Contraception 1995; 52:211-13.

-Van Look PFA, Stewart F. Emergency contraception. In Hatcher RA, Trussell J, Stewart F, Cates W, Stewart GK, Guest F, Kowal D. Contraceptive Technology: Seventeenth Revised Edition. New York NY: Ardent Media, 1998.

-Food and Drug Administration. Prescription drug products; certain combined oral contraceptives for use as postcoital emergency contraception. Federal Regist 1997;62:8610-8612.

-World Health Organization (WHO, 1998). Emergency Contraception: a guide for service delivery. WHO/FRH7FPP798.19, Geneva, 1998.

-World Health Organization. Improving access to quality care in family planning. Medical eligibility criteria for initiating and continuing use of contraceptive methods/Criterios Médicos de Elegibilidad para el Uso de Anticonceptivos, 3° edición (doc. WHO/FRH/FPP/96.9) WHO/OMS Geneva, Switzerland 2004.  Yuzpe AA, Thurlow HJ, Ramzy I, Leyshon JI. Post coital contraception: a pilot study. J Reprod Med 1974;13:53-8.

Task Force on Postovulatory Methods of Fertility Regulation. Randomized controlled trial of levonorgestrel versus the Yuzpe regimen of combined oral contraceptives for emergency contraception. Lancet 1998;352:428-33.

-Von Hertzen H, Piaggio G, Ding J, et al. Low dose mifepristone and two regimens of levonorgestrel for emergency contraception: a WHO multicentre randomised trial. Lancet 2002;360:1803-10.

Trussell J, Stewart F, Guest F, Hatcher RA. Emergency contraceptive pills: a simple proposal to reduce unintended pregnancies. Fam Plann Perspect 1992;24:269-273.

Bellagio Conference on Emergency Contraception (editorial). Consensus Statement on emergency contraception. Contraception 1995; 52:211-13.

Van Look PFA, Stewart F. Emergency contraception. In Hatcher RA, Trussell J, Stewart F, Cates W, Stewart GK, Guest F, Kowal D. Contraceptive Technology: Seventeenth Revised Edition. New York NY: Ardent Media, 1998.

Food and Drug Administration. Prescription drug products; certain combined oral contraceptives for use as postcoital emergency contraception. Federal Regist 1997;62:8610-8612.

World Health Organization (WHO, 1998). Emergency Contraception: a guide for service delivery. WHO/FRH7FPP798.19, Geneva, 1998.

World Health Organization. Improving access to quality care in family planning. Medical eligibility criteria for initiating and continuing use of contraceptive methods/Criterios Médicos de Elegibilidad para el Uso de Anticonceptivos, 3° edición (doc. WHO/FRH/FPP/96.9) WHO/OMS Geneva, Switzerland 2004.  

Yuzpe AA, Thurlow HJ, Ramzy I, Leyshon JI. Post coital contraception: a pilot study. J Reprod Med 1974;13:53-8.

Task Force on Postovulatory Methods of Fertility Regulation. Randomized controlled trial of levonorgestrel versus the Yuzpe regimen of combined oral contraceptives for emergency contraception. Lancet 1998;352:428-33.

Von Hertzen H, Piaggio G, Ding J, et al. Low dose mifepristone and two regimens of levonorgestrel for emergency contraception: a WHO multicentre randomised trial. Lancet 2002;360:1803-10.

Piaggio G, von Hertzen H, Grimes DA, Van Look PFA. Timing of emergency contraception with levonorgestrel or the Yuzpe regimen. Lancet 1999; 353:721.

II. Sobre fisiología de la reproducción:

Wilcox AJ, Weinberg CR, Baird DD. Timing of sexual intercourse in relation to ovulation. Effects on the probability of conception, survival of the pregnancy and sex of the baby. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1517-21.

Wilcox AJ, Baird DD, Weinberg CR. Time of implantation of the conceptus and loss of pregnancy. N Engl J Med 1999; 340:1796-99.

Eppig J. Regulation of mammalian oocyte maturation. In: Adashi EY, Leung PCK, editors. The ovary. New York: Raven Press, 1993. p.185-208.

Salustri A, Hascall VC, Camaioni A, Yanagishita M. Oocyte-granulosa cell interactions. In: Adashi EY, Leung PCK, editors. The ovary. New York: Raven Press, 1993. p. 209-25.

Espey LL, Lipner H. Ovulation. In: Knobil E, Neill JD, editors. The physiology of reproduction. New York: Raven Press, 1994. p. 725-80.

III: Sobre mecanismos de acción:

Yuzpe AA, Thurlow HJ, Ramzy I, Leyshon JI. Post coital contraception—a pilot study. J Reprod Med 1974; 13:53-58.

Ling WY, Robichaud A, Zayid I, Wrixon W, MacLeod SC. Mode of action of dl-norgestrel and ethinylestradiol combination in postcoital contraception. Fertil Steril 1979;32:297-302.

Ling WY, Wrixon W, Zayid I, Acorn T, Popat R, Wilson E. Mode of action of dl-norgestrel and ethinylestradiol combination in postcoital contraception. II. Effect of postovulatory administration on ovarian function and endometrium. Fertil Steril 1983;39:292-297.

Ling WY, Wrixon W, Acorn T, Wilson E, Collins J. Mode of action of dl-norgestrel and ethinylestradiol combination in postcoital contraception. III. Effect of preovulatory administration following the luteinizing hormone surge on ovarian steroidogenesis. Fertil Steril 1983;40:631-636.

Rowlands S, Kubba AA, Guillebaud J, Bounds W. A possible mechanism of action of danazol and an ethinylestradiol/norgestrel combination used as postcoital contraceptive agents. Contraception 1986;33:539-545.

Kubba AA, White JO, Guillebaud J, Elder MG. The biochemistry of human endometrium after two regimens of postcoital contraception: a dl-norgestrel/ethinylestradiol combination or danazol. Fertil Steril 1986:45:512-516.

Kesseru E, Larranaga A, Parada J. Postcoital contraception with dl-norgestrel.Contraception 1973;7:367.

Kesseru E, Garmendia F, Westphal F, Parada J. The hormonal and peripheral effects of d-norgestrel in postcoital contraception. Contraception 1974;10:411 –424.

Rivera R, Yacobson I, Grimes D. The Mechanism of Action of Hormonal Contraceptives and Intrauterine Contraceptive Devices. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1999;181:1267.

Taskin O, Brown RW, Young DC, Poindexter AN, Wiehle RD. High doses of oral contraceptives do not alter endometrial a1 and anb3 integrins in the late implantation window. Fertil Steril 1994;61:850-855.

Swahn ML, Westlund P, Johannisson E, Bygdeman M. Effect of post-coital contraceptive methods on the endometrium and the menstrual cycle. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1996;75:738-744.

Raymond EG, Lovely LP, Chen-Mok M, Seppälä M, Kurman RJ, Lessey BA.  Effect of the Yuzpe regimen of emergency contraception on markers of endometrial receptivity. Hum Reprod 2000;15:2351-55.

Croxatto HB, Devoto L, Durand M, et al. Mechanism of action of hormonal preparations used for emergency contraception: a review of the literature. Contraception 2001; 63:111-21.

Durand M, Cravioto MC, Raymond  EG, et al. On the mechanism of action of short-term levonorgestrel administration in emergency contraception. Contraception 2001;64:227-34.

Croxatto HB, Fuentealba B, Brache V, et al. Effects of the Yuzpe regimen, given during the follicular phase, on ovarian function. Contraception 2002;65:121-8.

Croxatto HB, Ortiz ME, Müller AL. Mechanisms of action of Emergency Contraception. Steroids 2003; 68:1095-98.

Croxatto HB, Brache V, Pavez M, et el. Pituitary-ovarian function following the standard levonogestrel emergency contraception dose or a single 0.75-mg dose given on the days preceding ovulation. Contraception 2004 ;70 :442-50.

Müller AL, Llados CM, Croxatto HB. Post-coital treatment with levonorgestrel does not disrupt post-fertilization events in the rat. Contraception 2003; 67:415-9.

Ortiz ME, Ortiz RE, Fuentes MA, Parraguez VH, Croxatto H. Post-coital administration of levonorgestrel does not interfere with post-fertilization events in the new-world monkey Cebus Apella. Human Reproduction 2004; 19:1352-1356.

IV. Sobre seguridad y efectos colaterales:

Webb A, Taberner D. Clotting factors after emergency contraception. Adv Contracept 1993;9:75-82.

Webb A. How safe is the Yuzpe method of emergency contraception? Fert Control Rev 1995;4:16-18.

Glasier A. Emergency postcoital contraception. N Engl J Med 1997; 337:1058-1064.

Vasilakis C, Jick SS, Jick H. The risk of venous thromboembolism in users of postcoital contraceptive pills. Contraception 1999;59:79-83.

Bracken MB. Oral contraception and congenital malformations in offspring: a review and meta-analysis of the prospective studies. Obstet Gynecol 1990;76:552-557.

Raman-Wilms L, Tseng AL, Wighardt S, Einarson TR, Koren G. Fetal genital effects of first-trimester sex hormone exposure: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 1995;85:141-149.

Simpson JL, Phillips OP. Spermicides, hormonal contraception and congenital malformations. Adv Contracept 1990;6:141-167.

V. Sobre aspectos éticos y sociales:

WHO, UNFPA, UNHCR. Reproductive Health in Refugee Situation; An Inter-Agency Field Manual.  United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Geneve, Switzerland, 1999, pg 36-46.

Shanks L, Ford N, Schull M, deKong K. Responding to Rape. Lancet 2001;357:304.

United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, The Ethical and Religious Directives for Catholic Health Care Services, 4th ed., USCCB, Washington, DC, 2001, p. 21.

Hamel R, Panicola MR. Emergency Contraception and sexual assault. Health Progress 2002  (Copyright 2002 by the Catholic Health Association of the United States.
For reprint, contact Donna Troy at dtroy@chausa.org).

Ellertson C, Shochet T, Blanchard K, Trussel J. Emergency Contraception: A Review of the Programmatic and Social Science Literature. Contraception 2000;61:145-186.

Cook RJ, Dickens BM, Ngwena C, Plata MI. The Legal Status of Emergency Contraception. Int J Obstet Gynecol 2001:75:185-191.

Faundes A, Brache V, Alvarez F. Emergency Contraception - clinical and ethical aspects. Int J Obstet Gynecol 2003;82:297-305.

Walker DM, Torres P, Gutierrez JP, Flemming K, Bertozzi SM. Emergency Contraceptive use is correlated with increased condon use among adolescents: results from Mexico. J Adolesc Health 2004;35:329-34.